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The class Arachnida is a group of mostly terrestrial arthropods which includes spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, harvestmen, false scorpions (pseudoscorpions) and sun spiders. Many arachnids have highly developed chelicerae (also found in pycnogonids and horseshoe crabs) in the head region, which usually take the form of a pair of pincer-like organs. It is possible represent a migration of chelicerates from the sea to the land. In doing so, they have developed a cuticle, which reduces water loss, and their gill-books have become lung books.
Arachnid Anatomy
Like all arthropods, arachnids have a hard, chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages, but unlike most of their relatives true arachnids have no antennae. Their bodies are divided into a cephalotorax and an abdomen. The cephalothorax (or prosoma) is usually segmented and its upper surface is covered with a carapace. The lower region is usually protected by sternal plates. The abdominal segments of most arachnids, apart from scorpions, are fused, and in ticks, mites both the cephalothorax and abdomen have fused to form a single body. The respiratory system of arachnids comprises specialized breathing organs, called lung-books and a network of tracheae (tubes that carry air from the exterior to the internal organs). The circulatory system is usually open, that is, arteries carry blood from the heart into a series of blood spaces - hemocoele.
The brain consists of 2 ganglia (bundles of nerve cells) above the esophagus, joined to more ganglia below it. Most arachnids have simple eyes. spiders usually have 8, scorpions 12; even so, their eyesight is, in most cases, very poor.
reproductive system vary in arachnids, but sexes are separate. Fertilization is by copulation, usually preceded by an elaborate courtship ritual.
Spiders
 <== Photo: Tarantula
There are nearly 40,000 species of spiders, the largest of which are the tarantula of South America (suborder Orthognatha), some species of which have a body 3 inches across with a leg spread of 8 inches. Tarantulas have poison glands in their chelicerae, but most spiders have them in the cephalothorax, although the poison is administered via the chelicerae. The poison is used to paralyze or kill the prey, or in self-defense.
Unique Features of Spiders
 <== Photo: Wolf spider
Spiders have abdominal glands which exude silk through organs called spinnerets. The silk threads are used to make webs, to catch prey and make cocoons. Not all spiders spin webs, however; trap-door spiders (family ctenizidae) dig a tunnel often more than 2 inches deep, which they line with silk. The tunnel is closed at ground level by a hinged door. When a small animal passes by, the spider jumps out and grabs it. Many wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and jumping spiders (family Salticidae) do not trap their food but stalk prey and then leap on it. Spiders perform a courtship ritual before mating
Black widow spider (female) (Latrodectus mactans)
Note the characteristic red hourglass located on her inferior abdominal surface, which can vary in coloration from yellowish, to shades of orange and red, and at times, can even be white. The female's body is an overall shiny jet-black in color.
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Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa)This spider is able to inflict a highly venomous bite. Sometimes a bite from a brown recluse spider can go unnoticed, or maybe feel as slight as a pinprick. However, usually, after 2–8hrs, there is ensuing severe pain, erythema, and localized tissue necrosis due to the venom's proteolytic enzymes.
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Based on their habitats, the three species of black widow include the southern, L. mactans, northern, L. variolus, and western, L. hesperus. Human beings are bitten not as prey, but when a female spider feels threatened. Females are poisonous, injecting a potent neurotoxic venom, i.e., 15X more potent than that of the rattlesnake, when it bites its victim, while the male L. mactans is harmless. Though venomous, the quantity of poison is so minute that death from a black widow bite is rarely fatal, though usually very painful.
Scorpions
<== Photo: Scorpion
Courtesy of Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
Scorpions (order Scorpiones) have remained virtually unchanged for about 450 million years. The largest of the true arachnids, reaching 5 to 8 inches in length, they are nocturnal and live in tropical and subtropical regions. The segmented tail has a sharp sting at the tip with a poison gland, which causes paralysis and death to insects and small animals. One of the sequelae following Tityus trinitatis scorpion envenomation, i.e., sting, is pancreatitis due to its ability to hyperstimulate an intra-pancreatic reaction that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
Classification of Arachnids
- Acari (mites and ticks)
- Acariformes - This order contains the greatest diversity of mites associated with fungi.
- Sarcoptiformes
- Trombidiformes
- Opilioacariformes
This order contains species of large mites often found under stone and in litter. The legs are long and slender. 4
- Parasitiformes
- Holothyrida
Mites in this order are predators inhabiting soil and litter in the southern hemisphere. The 30 or so described species are placed in nine genera and three families, and some 160-320 species are estimated to be present in the world.4
- Ixodida
This order is commonly known as ticks, large parsites of vertebrates. some 880 species are known in the world. Many species of ticks are vectors of disease and of importance in veterinary medicine and human health.4
- Mesostigmata
- environmental
samples
- Acari
environmental sample
- Amblypygi
This order is commonly known as tailless whip scorpions or whip spiders. They are large arachnids with long spiny pedipals and the fron pair of legs is considerably longer than the others and are used as feelers. They lack poisonous glands.
- Phrynichidae
- Damoninae
- Phrynichinae
- Phrynichidae
incertae sedis
- Phrynidae
- Heterophrynus
- Paraphrynus
- Phrynus
- environmental
samples
- unclassified
Amblypygi
- Araneae
(spiders)
- Araneomorphae
- Austrochilidae
- Entelegynae
(eight-eyed spiders)
- Gradungulidae
- Haplogynae
- Hypochilidae
(lampshade spiders)
- Trechaleidae
- Mesothelae
- Heptathelidae
- Liphistiidae
- Mygalomorphae
The mygalomorph group of spiders includes several familiar spiders, including the funnel-webs, the tarantulas, and the trapdoor spiders. These arachnids are subdivided into two basic groups: those that sit in wait for and ambush their prey and a lesser number which move around and actively seek prey. Of the ambushers, many sit at or inside the entrance to their burrow, which may have a lid in the form of a trapdoor, hence their common name of trapdoor spiders. Sitting in this position, they are able to detect soil-borne vibrations of approaching prey or, in those species whose front legs protrude from the entrance, air-borne vibrations also.8
- Actinopodidae
- Antrodiaetidae
- Atypidae
(purseweb spiders)
- Barychelidae
- Ctenizidae
(trapdoor spiders)
- Cyrtaucheniidae
- Dipluridae
(funnel-web spiders)
- Hexathelidae
(funnel-web tarantulas)
- Idiopidae
- Mecicobothriidae
- Microstigmatidae
- Migidae
- Nemesiidae
(trapdoor spiders)
- Paratropidae
- Theraphosidae
(tarantulas)
- unclassified
Araneae
- unidentified
spider JB-2001
- Opiliones
(harvestmen)
- Cyphophthalmi
- Temperophthalmi
- Tropicophthalmi
- Phalangida
- unclassified
Opiliones
- Opiliones
sp. FEA-2003
- Opiliones
sp. IRT-2002
- Opiliones
sp. JCO-2001
- Palpigradi
These small arachnids, commonly known as microwhip scorpions, are inhabitants of tropical and sub-tropical soils; occasionally seen in southern Europe.6
- Eukoeneniidae
- Prokoeneniidae
- Pseudoscorpiones
These are commonly known as false scorpions, widely distributed small arachnids, superficially resembling small scorpions, but they lack a sting. They are common in soil and decaying vegetation, and a few species are to found in food stores and among books, presumably feeding on booklice (psocids).5
- Cheliferoidea
- Atemnidae
- Cheliferidae
- Chernetidae
- Chthonioidea
- Chthoniidae
- Lechytiidae
- Tridenchthoniidae
- Feaelloidea
- Feaellidae
- Pseudogarypidae
- Garypoidea
- Cheiridiidae
- Garypidae
- Geogarypidae
- Larcidae
- Olipiidae
- Neobisioidea
- Gymnobisiidae
- Hyidae
- Ideoroncidae
- Neobisiidae
- Parahyidae
- Syarinidae
- Sternophoroidea
- unclassified
Pseudoscorpiones
- Ricinulei
These small, strongly sclerotized soil dwellers in tropics are commonly known as hooded tick spiders. Body length at most 6 mm. The tick spiders are characterized by a series of marked features.6
- Ricinoididae
- Cryptocellus
- unclassified
Ricinoididae
- unclassified
Ricinulei
- environmental
samples
- Ricinulei
environmental sample
- Scorpiones
(scorpions)
- Buthida
- Chaerilida
- Iurida
- Chactoidea
- Iuroidea
- Scorpionoidea
- Pseudochactida
- Solifugae
camel-spiders, sun-spiders, wind-scorpions
- Ammotrechidae
- Daesiidae
- Eremobatidae
- Karschiidae
- unclassified
Solifugae
- Uropygi
These arachnids are true whip scorpions
- Schizomida
These smaller whip scorpions also have telsons, but they are short compared to their body size. They are sometimes called short-tailed whip scorpions as a result.
- Thelyphonida
These are large, several cm long whip scorpions of the tropics and subtropics. At the end of their abdomens they have a very long tail-like structure called telson. It is their long, felxible telson that gives these arachnids their common names. Some American species, the giant whip scorpion, has a telson that is twice as long as its body. The telsons of true scorpions are armed with sharp stigers that pump venom into prey and attackers. The telson of whip scropion does not have a stinger and is not used as a weapon. Instead, these arachnids use their telsons as feelers.7
Other Arachnids
Mites and ticks (order Acarina) are small arachnids, usually less than 1 millimeter in length. Many are parasites, living on blood and tissue fluids, causing skin irritation and occasionally transmitting diseases to their hosts. Their chelicerae can pierce skin, making ticks, for example difficult to dislodge. Harvestmen (order Opiliones) are spider-like animals with long legs and only 2 eyes. False scorpions (order Pseudoscorpiones), like true scorpions, have pincers (large chelate pedipalps), but no tail or sting. Sun spiders (order Solufugae), which can be up to 2 inches long, have simple elongated pedipalps that make tem look like ten-legged spiders.
Keywords:
- chelicerae - one of a pair of grasping and piercing organs present in arachnids and Horseshoe crabs
- carapace - the part of the exoskeleton of a crustacean that spreads over the head and thorax; in other animals, for example, turtle, the carpace is the dorsal covering of bony plates
- thorax (in arthropods) that part of the body directly behind the head and in front of the abdomen which, in insects, consists of 3 segments bearing the legs and wings.
- pedipalps - either member of the second pair of head appendages of arachnids, specialized for different functions in different forms. For example, seizing prey in scorpions, locomotion in king crabs, fertilization in male spiders (where the tip becomes a specialized container for sperm transfer), squeezing and chewing food, or for sensory purposes.
References:
1. Mike Janson and Joyce Pope. The Animal World
2. Public Health Image Library (PHIL) Photographs, Illustrations, Multimedia Files
3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Multimedia database
4. Mites of greenhouses: identification, biology and control. Zhi-Qiang Zhang
5. Medical and veterinary entomology. D. S. Kettle
6. Multicellular animals. Peter Ax
7. Insects and Spiders of the World, Volume 10. Marshall Cavendish Corporation
8. The encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour. Rod Preston-Mafham, Ken Preston-Mafham
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