Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn Puppies
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia (alloimmune hemolysis) is the production of antibodies that are directed against red blood cells of another individual of the same species. Alloimmune hemolytic anemia of the newborn is rarely seen in dogs.
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia occurs when the antibody of one individual reacts with red blood cells (RBC) of another. Alloimmune hemolytic anemia typically occurs following transfusion of ABO incompatible blood and rhesus disease of the newborn. It also can occur following allogenic transplantation.
Causes of Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia
It is caused when puppies nurse from a mother whose colostrum (the yellowish fluid rich in antibodies and minerals that is produced after giving birth and before producing real milk) contains antibodies to the newborn's red blood cells.
The antibodies develop in the mother during unmatched blood transfusions. Newborn puppies with this disorder are usually normal at birth but develop severe hemolytic anemia within 2 to 3 days and become weak and jaundiced.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is more than just an anemia. Although the anemia itself can be quite serious, there is a second threat to the puppy. Jaundice in newborns occurs not only of the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs), but also because the liver of the newborn puppy cannot handle quickly enough the removal of RBCs. The toxic effect of bilirubin can cause serious damage to the brain.
Diagnosis of Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Diagnosis is confirmed by screening maternal serum, plasma, or colostrum against the paternal or newborn red blood cells. Treatment consists of stopping any colostrum while giving supportive care with transfusions. If necessary, newborn puppies can be transfused with triple-washed maternal RBCs. Alloimmune hemolytic anemia can be avoided by withholding maternal colostrum and giving colostrum from a maternal source free of the antibodies.
Fading Puppy Syndrome
The failure to thrive in newborn puppies or neonates, is known as fading puppy syndrome. The syndrome can occur from birth to 9 weeks of age. Affected neonates can decline quickly and die, so immediate detection and treatment are key to survival. Be sure you know what to look for and what to do if you see any warning signs. A veterinarian can perform a test to check for alloimmune hemolytic anemia before the newborn is allowed to receive maternal colostrum.
References:
REF FILE# DD-125-34
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