Canine Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the microscopic filtering units of the kidneys known as glomeruli. The inflammation develops when immune complexes become trapped in the glomeruli. This leads to the activation of the body's inflammatory defense system, which, in turn, damages the glomeruli. However, in many dogs the triggering cause is often cannot be determined.

Leakage of plasma proteins, principally albumin, across the damaged glomerular capillary walls results in persistent proteinuria (presence of protein in the urine), the clinicopathological hallmark of glomerulonephritis. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to being a marker of disease, persistent proteinuria is associated with progressive glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions and loss of additional nephrons (kidney cells). Perhaps the best treatment for glomerulonephritis is the identification and correction of any underlying inflammatory, immune-mediated or neoplastic disease that results in the deposition or formation of glomerular immune complexes. In cases when the cause cannot be determined, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to decrease proteinuria and potentially slow disease progression.

Examination of the pedigrees of related affected Bullmastiff and Beagle dogs yields evidence supporting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.

Some viral and bacterial diseases may also cause glomerulonephritis. Deposition if immunocomplex (IgM, IgG and C3c) in the glomeruli has been reported in dogs with canine viral hepatitis and dirofilariasis.

Affected dogs usually exhibit weakness, listlessness, loss of appetite, and general depression. Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst and urination, excessive urination at night (nocturia) and oral ulcerations are commonly present. High blood pressure is often seen in dogs with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis.

Treatment includes giving immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the formation of the immune complexes. Supportive therapy is quite similar to that used in management of kidney failure. If goes untreated, the disease can result in chronic kidney failure.

Adapted from:
1. Canine glomerulonephritis: new thoughts on proteinuria and treatment. Grauer GF. In: J Small Anim Pract. 2005 Oct;46(10):469-78
2. Familial glomerulonephropathy in the Bullmastiff. Casal ML, Dambach DM, Meister T, Jezyk PF, Patterson DF, Henthorn PS. In: Vet Pathol. 2004 Jul;41(4):319-25
3. Glomerulonephritis associated with simultaneous canine adenovirus-1 and Dirofilaria immitis infection in a dog. Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Salguero FJ, Núnez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Carrasco L. In: J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2002 Jun;49(5):235-9
4. Familial glomerulonephropathy in a litter of beagles. Rha JY, Labato MA, Ross LA, Breitschwerdt E, Alroy J. In: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Jan 1;216(1):46-50, 32
5. UC Davis Book of Dogs: The Complete Medical Reference Guide for Dogs and Puppies. Mordecai Siegal, Jeffrey E. Barlough

Go Pets America recommends seeking the advice of your local veterinarian for the most appropriate vaccination program and for the diagnosis and treatment of your pet's health problems. For vaccination requirements please contact your state and local licensing authorities.

Canine Glomerulonephritis

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