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Intervertebral disk (IVD) disease in the dog is a common disorder manifested by acute pain, loss of movement coordination and paralysis. It commonly occurs in certain breeds of dogs called chondrodystrophoid breeds, such as Dachshund, Pekingese, French bulldog, Beagle, Basset Hound, American Cocker spaniel, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Welsh Corgi.
Intervertebral disk (IVD) disease in the dog is a common back problem manifested by pain, loss of movement coordination and paralysis. The vertebral column, or backbone, consists of 34 individual bones called vertebrae (singular, vertebra). The vertebral column also includes the spinal cord and nerves, tendons, muscles, ligaments, intervertebral discs, and blood supply. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord and many internal organs, serves as a base of attachment for tendons and ligaments, provides structural support, connects the upper and lower body, and enables a wide range of body movement. The bones in the vertebral column also store minerals and produce red blood cells. The intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae from each other. These "cushions" absorb the stress and shock that the body incurs during movement.
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The IVD consists of two regions: an outer layer of cartilage-like material and an central region of gelatinous material. In Type I IVD, the jelly-like inner layer protrudes into the vertebral canal and presses on the spinal cord. Compression of the spinal cord may be minimal (causing mild back or neck pain) to severe (causing paralysis, loss of sensation, and lack of bladder and bowel control) and may be irreversible.
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IVD degeneration occurs in all breeds of dogs; however, it is observed most frequently in the chondrodystrophoid breeds (Dachshund, Pekingese, French bulldog, Beagle, Basset Hound, American Cocker spaniel, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and generally dogs with short thick legs). In these breeds, there is degeneration of the disks within the first few months of life. Disk extrusion can occur as early as 1-2 yr of age, and clinical signs are often acute and severe. The most common signs are neck pain, manifested as rigidity and muscle spasms. There may be forelimb lameness or neurologic deficits, ranging from mild weakness of all four limbs to four limb paralysis.
The Type II IVD protrusion, characterized by partial protrusion, is seen more commonly in the nonchondrodystrophoid dogs, and usually develops in dogs of 6-10 years of age.
Signs of Intervertebral Disk Disease
What are the first signs of acute IVD? Your dog with already developed protrusion, might suddenly cry out in pain when you pet it about the head, or when exercising. You will notice some decrease in activity, since any sudden movement causes excruciating pain. Cervical (neck region) IVD protrusion is most common in the chondrodystrophoid breeds. Pain is the hallmark of cervical IVD protrusion and may be constant or occasional.
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Treatment of Intervertebral Disk Disease
The IVD can be treated using conservative therapy (cage rest, anti-inflammatory agents, muscle relaxants) and surgically . Dogs that do not respond to therapy initially, may require surgery. The exact cause of the degenerative process is not yet fully understood, but is commonly attributed to influence of genetic, hormonal, autoimmune ( immune system disorder), and mechanical factors.
 Topics to Explore
Go Pets America recommends seeking the advice of your local veterinarian for the most appropriate vaccination program and for the diagnosis and treatment of your pet's health problems. For vaccination requirements please contact your state and local licensing authorities.
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