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Laminitis is a systemic disease which is manifested as a non infectious condition in the foot. The word "laminitis" means "inflammation of the laminae," (tissue layer) and it can refer to either a short-term (acute) inflammation or the disease caused by chronic attacks of inflammation. Laminitis affects an area within the hoof known as the "sensitive lamina," the connective layer between the hoof and the coffin bone (also called pedal bone) that holds the coffin bone in place. Laminitis occurs when the lamina becomes inflamed and the coffin bone begins o separate from the hoof. With severe laminitis, the coffin bone may actually come out of the bottom of the hoof. Rotation, the separation of the bone from the hoof shows up on the X-rays. Laminitis mostly occurs in mature horses. It is rarely seen in animals less than one year of age.
The pedal bone is equivalent to the last digit of the middle finger or toe of each of our limbs. It is covered with sensitive tissue (laminae) like the quick of our nails and lies suspended within the hoof wall capsule (equivalent to our nail) by means of interlocking with the hoof's lining of insensitive epidermal lining. Both bones and tissues are nourished by a complex system of arteries and capillaries and veins that bracnh around the pedal bone. Laminitis causes inflammation and subsequent tearing the interlocking system that suspends the pedal bone within the hoof. It is caused by a disruption of the normal blood flow and is extremely painful.
Laminitis can develop in the forefeet, in all four feet, or in the hindfeet only. Laminitis is an extremely complex condition with many, often apparently unrelated causes and predisposing factors. It can be caused by pressure on the foot or it can be the result of decreased blood flow to the laminae that leads to tissue death, and swelling of the laminae. The cause of the decreased blood flow is not currently known. The Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is predisposing for developing laminitis, and it is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, trauma as a result of galloping on hard ground), ingestion of cold water, hypertension and dyslipidemia (abnormalities in the serum levels of fats, including overproduction or deficiency), systemic infections, uterine infection, chronic diarrhea etc. A genetic predisposition is supposed.
Pasture-induced laminitis in the horse is associated with the overconsumption of fermentable carbohydrate, in the form of simple sugars, fructans, or starch. The fermentation of carbohydrate in the cecum and large intestine results in the production of lactic acid and other toxins or "laminitis trigger factors."
Endotoxemia is an important risk factor for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization for medical or surgical conditions. Early recognition of endotoxemia, or the potential for it to develop in certain disease states, and initiation of treatment directed at endotoxemia or its consequences may help prevent laminitis in horses during hospitalization.
The horse is said to have foundered if the interlaminar system has broken down sufficiently to allow the pedal bone to become displaced within the foot.
Signs of Laminitis
Clinical signs depend on the severity of the disease. In mild cases, laminitic horses display consistently altered or abnormal behaviors such as increased forelimb lifting. Lameness may not be evident at a walk, but the horse will have a short stilted gait at a trot. Increased pulse in the leg may be visible. As the condition progresses, horses will be more reluctant to move and will resist lifting a foot. Because of the pain, horses have increased respiratory rate, trembling, and anxiety.
Where there has been bone separation, there is an increased risk of infection. The risk is especially high if the bone prolapses through the sole, but this is rare.
Several approaches to treat laminitis are available, including pharmacological and orthopedic strategies as well as the management of the feeding and housing conditions. However, the prophylaxis to prevent laminitis is extremely important. Horses have to be fed with hay and supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Feeding exclusively straw and feed restriction has to be avoided. Any obvious conditions causing laminitis should be treated accordingly.
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If no underlying conditions can be established, treatment often involves administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. External support to take weight-bearing forces off the foot and help normal blood flow may be required.
Laminitis tend to recur, causing more damage to the horse's hoof. Many horses become lame for life. Providing proper shoeing and feeding balanced diet can prevent this debilitating disease.
References:
1. Animal welfare in prevention and therapy of laminitis. Winkelsett S, Vervuert I. In: Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2008 Mar;115(3):106-13.
2. Dietary fructan carbohydrate increases amine production in the equine large intestine: implications for pasture-associated laminitis. Crawford C, Sepulveda MF, Elliott J, Harris PA, Bailey SR. In: J Anim Sci. 2007 Nov;85(11):2949-58. Epub 2007 Jun 25.
3. Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997-2004). Parsons CS, Orsini JA, Krafty R, Capewell L, Boston R. In: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Mar 15;230(6):885-9.
4. The University of California, Davis Book of Horses. Mordecai Siegal, Jeffrey E. Barlough.
5. Horses For Dummies By Audrey Pavia, Janice Posnikoff.
6. Veterinary Advice on Laminitis in Horses. Rebecca Hamilton-Fletcher
Go Pets America recommends seeking the advice of your local veterinarian for the most appropriate vaccination program and for the diagnosis and treatment of your pet's health problems. For vaccination requirements please contact your state and local licensing authorities.
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